Characters for phonetic transcription? (like 亞洲)

I see a lot of foreign names transcribed phonetically, such as Asia (亞洲) or Canada (加拿大) or Coffee (咖啡)

Where might I find a list of, say, a = 亞, ka = 加/咖 etc.

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I remember I once found a wiki page.. this is a similar resource I've so far found:

https://eastasiastudent.net/china/mandarin/common-phonetic-transcription-characters/

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However, I see 卡 instead of 加/咖 (although I've seen 卡 used in 'card') , and see 达 instead of 大 etc.. was there some sort of formal set was used to make those older transcriptions? What should I use now?

submitted by /u/TheTypingTiger
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from r/ChineseLanguage: a community for people who are studying, teaching, or interested in Chinese! https://www.reddit.com/r/ChineseLanguage/comments/by55q9/characters_for_phonetic_transcription_like_亞洲/

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